cfolson wrote:There is no 97% fallacy. Climate scientists agree in vast majority on this issue.
I have heard that number tossed out by President Obama ("97 percent of climate scientists agree: Climate change is real and man-made."), Secretary Kerry ("When 97 percent of scientists agree on anything, we need to listen, and we need to respond. Well, 97 percent of climate scientists have confirmed that climate change is happening and that human activity is responsible."), in Congressional hearings, NASA, the media, tweets, blogs, the kid selling donuts...
Wow. 97%. I agree with Secretary Kerry. IF 97% of scientists agree on anything, we SHOULD listen. But do they? Can you cite references (the number is often quoted but rarely cited)? What scientists? What disciplines? I am not really trying to burst bubbles, but sacred cows make the best hamburgers.
Let's look at the number it self. 97%? 97% agreement on ANYTHING is amazing, much less something as complex and variable as the global climate is amazing. I find it hard to believe that there is such a consensus out there. Hell, if I got 100 fat people in a room and asked them if a chocolate covered donut tastes good, I seriously doubt I would get 97% consensus. It is that number that actually got me looking because I do not believe 97% of scientists would agree that hot is hot and cold is cold.
I went to the website you mentioned, as well as Forbes, WSJ, Washington Post, and others. I found several separate references to the 97% related to different "studies". Guess what? All the different studies seem to hit the 97%? Amazing, right? Different approaches, different people, different types, and all hit 97%. Quite the coincidence.
But lets start with the site you mentioned. In 2013, John Cook, an Australia-based blogger and part of the site, and some of his friends reviewed abstracts of peer-reviewed papers published from 1991 to 2011. John Cook is the Climate Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland. Cook reported that 97% of those who stated a position explicitly or implicitly suggest that human activity is responsible for some warming. His findings were published in Environmental Research Letters.
Pretty compelling but not so fast. In Science and Education in August 2013, David R. Legates (a professor of geography at the University of Delaware and former director of its Center for Climatic Research) and three coauthors reviewed the same papers as did Mr. Cook and found "only 41 papers—0.3 percent of all 11,944 abstracts or 1.0 percent of the 4,014 expressing an opinion, and not 97.1 percent—had been found to endorse" the claim that human activity is causing most of the current warming. Elsewhere, climate scientists including Craig Idso, Nicola Scafetta, Nir J. Shaviv and Nils- Axel Morner, whose research questions the alleged consensus, protested that Mr. Cook ignored or misrepresented their work.
Another cited source is William R. Love Anderegg, then a
student at Stanford University, who in 2010 used Google Scholar to identify the views of the most prolific writers on climate change. His findings were published in Proceedings of the National Academies of Sciences. Mr. Love Anderegg found that 97% to 98% of the 200 most prolific writers on climate change believe "anthropogenic greenhouse gases have been responsible for 'most' of the 'unequivocal' warming." There was no mention of how dangerous this climate change might be; and, of course, 200 researchers out of the thousands who have contributed to the climate science debate is not evidence of consensus. And to use "most prolific" as the basis for his study? I am one of the most prolific writers on this board discussing fantasy baseball and based on past performance, I do not know beans. So "prolific" is not a great standard.
Perhaps the most quoted (from what I was able to find, so you may consider that statement a belief) is a 2009 article in "Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union" by Maggie Kendall Zimmerman, a student at the University of Illinois, and her master's thesis adviser Peter Doran. Now, they selected something like 10,000 scientists they thought should know the most and sent them a survey. Complex issue right? Team of students reaching out personally to scientist to ask a long series of detailed questions, right?
It was a two-question online survey of selected scientists. Mr. Doran and Ms. Zimmerman claimed "97 percent of climate scientists agree" that global temperatures have risen and that humans are a significant contributing factor. The two questions were:
(1) Have mean global temperatures risen compared to pre-1800s levels? Well, yes. The "pre-1800's" was the end of a 400 year mini-ice age, so ok.
(2) Has human activity been a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures? This is I believe a point of contention but still a very broad based question. Too broad for such a complex issue. But how did folks respond?
The survey's questions don't reveal much of interest. Most scientists who are skeptical of catastrophic global warming nevertheless would answer "yes" to both questions. The survey was silent on whether the human impact is large enough to constitute a problem. Nor did it include solar scientists, space scientists, cosmologists, physicists, meteorologists or astronomers, who are the scientists most likely to be aware of natural causes of climate change.
Wait...wait...wait...let that last point sink in. They really excluded all those disciplines from their "consensus".
But ok. They got 97% from their online respondant's right? Actually, no. They chose the target audience and got 3,146 respondents. Of the 3,146, they select 79 respondents who listed climate science as an area of expertise and said they published more than half of their recent peer-reviewed papers on climate change. 77 of 79 is 97%. 79 is the consensus of all climate scientists? Really? About 90 percent of the scientists agreed with the first question and 82 percent with the second. So even on the 1st most obvious question, they could not reach 97%.
OK. What if it isn't 97%, but really high. Another cited source for the consensus I was able to locate was a 2004 opinion essay published in Science magazine by Naomi Oreskes, a science historian (science historian, not a scientist) now at Harvard. She claimed to have examined abstracts of 928 articles published in scientific journals between 1993 and 2003, and found that 75% supported the view that human activities are responsible for most of the observed warming over the previous 50 years while none directly dissented.
Ms. Oreskes's definition of consensus covered "man-made" but left out "dangerous"—and scores of articles by prominent scientists such as Richard Lindzen, John Christy, Sherwood Idso and Patrick Michaels, who question the consensus, were excluded. The methodology is also flawed. A study published earlier this year in Nature noted that abstracts of academic papers often contain claims that aren't substantiated in the papers.
So believe what you want, my friend, but I think the 97% is wholly contrived, inaccurate and purposefully misleading. A fallacy.
Baseball is a slow, boring, complex, cerebral game that doesn't lend itself to histrionics. You 'take in' a baseball game, something odd to say about a football or basketball game, with the clock running and the bodies flying.
Charles Krauthammer